A Mini Review of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) for Vehicular Communication

In recent times, peer-to-peer (P2P) has evolved, where it leverages the capability to scale compared to server-based networks. Consequently, P2P has appeared to be the future distributed systems in emerging several applications. P2P is actually a disruptive technology for setting up applications that scale to numerous concurrent individuals. Thus, in a P2P distributed system, individuals become themselves as peers through contributing, sharing, and managing the resources in a network. In this paper, P2P for vehicular communication is explored. A comprehensive of the functioning concept of both P2P along with vehicular communication is examined. In addition, the advantages are furthermore conversed for a far better understanding on the implementation

IoT Raspberry Pi Based Smart Parking System with Weighted K-Nearest Neighbours Approach

Due to the limited availability of parking slots in parking areas, drivers often have difficulty finding an empty parking slot. The number of parking slots available at a particular location is usually less than the number of vehicles. Hence, drivers spend a lot of time looking for vacant parking slots, which eventually delays the completion of their tasks, such as paying bills, attending a meeting, or visiting a patient at the hospital, etc. There are a couple of parking guidance systems that have been highlighted by the other researchers, but most of them lack real-time, convenient guidance. This research proposed a smart parking guidance system made of an IoT Raspberry Pi combined with an Android application that makes use of the weighted k nearest neighbours for positioning the vehicle. This was achieved through the use of Wi-Fi signal strength indicator fingerprinting, allowing for real-time navigation and parking detection. In order to achieve real-time parking over the internet, Raspberry Pi hardware and the ThingSpeak IoT cloud with ultrasonic sensors are used in the proposed method. An Android application was involved in this parking detection system, which adopted IoT approaches to estimate the location of users in real-time and provide routes using route-finding techniques to assist drivers in finding their desired parking slots. Data from the sensors was processed and translated into the Raspberry Pi using the Python programming language. They were sent using the Message Telemetry Transport protocol to send parking data to the ThingSpeak IoT cloud in real-time. This data was displayed via the Android app. The user is then able to view each available parking slot, acquire the route, and be directed with high accuracy to the parking slots of their choice. In this study, advanced sensing and communication technologies were used together with the weighted k nearest neighbours algorithm for positioning and wayfinding in order to improve parking guidance accuracy. Based on the experimental results, the proposed system showed a lower average error rate of 1.5 metres in comparison to other positioning techniques, such as GPS, or other similar algorithms for positioning, such as maximum a posteriori, which have shown average errors of 2.3 metres and 3.55 metres, respectively, a potential increase of more than 35% from the previous error rate. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-012 Full Text: PD

Physiological-based Driver Monitoring Systems: A Scoping Review

A physiological-based driver monitoring system (DMS) has attracted research interest and has great potential for providing more accurate and reliable monitoring of the driver’s state during a driving experience. Many driving monitoring systems are driver behavior-based or vehicle-based. When these non-physiological based DMS are coupled with physiological-based data analysis from electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), electrocardiography (ECG), and electromyography (EMG), the physical and emotional state of the driver may also be assessed. Drivers’ wellness can also be monitored, and hence, traffic collisions can be avoided. This paper highlights work that has been published in the past five years related to physiological-based DMS. Specifically, we focused on the physiological indicators applied in DMS design and development. Work utilizing key physiological indicators related to driver identification, driver alertness, driver drowsiness, driver fatigue, and drunk driver is identified and described based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-Sc) Framework. The relationship between selected papers is visualized using keyword co-occurrence. Findings were presented using a narrative review approach based on classifications of DMS. Finally, the challenges of physiological-based DMS are highlighted in the conclusion. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-12-020 Full Text: PD

Driver-centered pervasive application for heart rate measurement

People spend a significant amount of time daily in the driving seat and some health complexity is possible to happen like heart-related problems, and stroke. Driver’s health conditions may also be attributed to fatigue, drowsiness, or stress levels when driving on the road. Drivers’ health is important to make sure that they are vigilant when they are driving on the road. A driver-centered pervasive application is proposed to monitor a driver’s heart rate while driving. The input will be acquired from the interaction between the driver and embedded sensors at the steering wheel, which is tied to a Bluetooth link with an Android smartphone. The driver can view his historical data easily in tabular or graph form with selected filters using the application since the sensor data are transferred to a real-time database for storage and analysis. The application is coupled with the tool to demonstrate an opportunity as an aftermarket service for vehicles that are not equipped with this technology

Simulation framework for connected vehicles: a scoping review [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) is a booming research field with a diverse set of services and applications. Most researchers rely on vehicular simulation tools to model traffic and road conditions and evaluate the performance of network protocols. We conducted a scoping review to consider simulators that have been reported in the literature based on successful implementation of V2V systems, tutorials, documentation, examples, and/or discussion groups. Methods: Simulators that have limited information were not included. The selected simulators are described individually and compared based on their requirements and features, i.e., origin, traffic model, scalability, and traffic features. This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The review considered only research published in English (in journals and conference papers) completed after 2015. Further, three reviewers initiated the data extraction phase to retrieve information from the published papers. Results: Most simulators can simulate system behaviour by modelling the events according to pre-defined scenarios. However, the main challenge faced is integrating the three components to simulate a road environment in either microscopic, macroscopic or mesoscopic models. These components include mobility generators, VANET simulators and network simulators. These simulators require the integration and synchronisation of the transportation domain and the communication domain. Simulation modelling can be run using a different types of simulators that are cost-effective and scalable for evaluating the performance of V2V systems in urban environments. In addition, we also considered the ability of the vehicular simulation tools to support wireless sensors. Conclusions: The outcome of this study may reduce the time required for other researchers to work on other applications involving V2V systems and as a reference for the study and development of new traffic simulators

Measuring driver cognitive distraction through lips and eyebrows

Cognitive distraction is one of the several contributory factors in road accidents. A number of cognitive distraction detection methods have been developed. One of the most popular methods is based on physiological measurement. Head orientation, gaze rotation, blinking and pupil diameter are among popular physiological parameters that are measured for driver cognitive distraction. In this paper, lips and eyebrows are studied. These new features on human facial expression are obvious and can be easily measured when a person is in cognitive distraction. There are several types of movement on lips and eyebrows that can be captured to indicate cognitive distraction. Correlation and classification techniques are used in this paper for performance measurement and comparison. Real time driving experiment was setup and faceAPI was installed in the car to capture driver's facial expression. Linear regression, support vector machine (SVM), static Bayesian network (SBN) and logistic regression (LR) are used in this study. Results showed that lips and eyebrows are strongly correlated and have a significant role in improving cognitive distraction detection. Dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) with different confidence of levels was also used in this study to classify whether a driver is distracted or not

Modified Topology-Based proactive routing protocols with indoor testbed design and development for Quality-Of-Service support in Vehicular AD HOC Network

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) can produce scalable and cost-effective solutions for both safety-related and non-safety applications that rely on wireless communication. In VANETs, vehicles may disseminate helpful information about vital incidents, such as traffic conditions, route congestion, and incident warnings, providing extra efficient and circulated traffic management. For example, vehicles can receive the aforementioned information from their immediate surroundings in order to determine traffic delays or hazards. During this crucial event, the topology of such network shifts fast since the nodes are in continuous exchange at varying speeds. This results in several challenges that must be discussed accordingly in order to establish VANET effectively. Fast topological transitions and constant disconnection makes it difficult to produce an efficient routing performance for broadcasting data across vehicles, notably in vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication. Many related investigations have been performed to identify routing protocols that have been proposed as a data dissemination approach. Routing protocols are classified based on how they transmit the packet from the source to the destination. In VANETs, routinely evaluating routing protocols can be challenging due to the lack of readily available installation packages and resources. The lack of universal support for many routing protocols has been indicated as a problem in previous literature. The evaluation of VANET protocols and applications relies largely on simulations. There are challenges in measuring performance in VANET environments, which is the lack of a unified platform for collecting and analysing performance data. The present study focuses on proactive routing protocols and the performance of VANET through the deployment of indoor microcontroller testbeds in motionless and motion states. Modifications have been proposed to the default Optimised Link State Routing (OLSR), Better Approach To Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking (BATMAN) and BABEL routing protocols. In the development of the testbed, Raspberry Pi 4, a two-wheel-drive (2WD) car chassis, and a number of components were used. Several scenarios were represented to determine the optimum performance incorporating both default and modified routing protocols. The Quality of Service (QoS) index measurement is used to measure the performance of the default and modified routing protocols based on throughput, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss. According to the results of the study, BABEL routing has significantly better results than OLSR and BATMAN. The contribution of this study could lead to a more practical implementation of V2V communication

A mini review of peer-to-peer (P2P) for vehicular communication

In recent times, peer-to-peer (P2P) has evolved, where it leverages the capability to scale compared to server-based networks. Consequently, P2P has appeared to be the future distributed systems in emerging several applications. P2P is actually a disruptive technology for setting up applications that scale to numerous concurrent individuals. Thus, in a P2P distributed system, individuals become themselves as peers through contributing, sharing, and managing the resources in a network. In this paper, P2P for vehicular communication is explored. A comprehensive of the functioning concept of both P2P along with vehicular communication is examined. In addition, the advantages are furthermore conversed for a far better understanding on the implementation

A Review Study of IEEE 802.11p On-Board Unit for V2X Deployment

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are increasing in popularity as a way to improve road safety and efficiency. A critical component of ITS is the use of wireless communication systems, such as the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) IEEE 802.11p standard, to enable communication between vehicles and infrastructure. This project aims to evaluate the performance of an on-board unit (OBU) utilizing the IEEE 802.11p standard in a vehicular communication system. The project contributes to a better understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the IEEE 802.11p standard in the context of ITS applications. The project will certainly also be useful for researchers and the community working in this field. Besides, the project also provides valuable insights into the performance of an OBU utilizing the IEEE 802.11p standard and can be used to convey the optimization and improvement of vehicular communication systems for the use of ITS applications

Lane Changing Models: A Short Review

In general, drivers tend to change lane to have a convenient journey. Lane changing process give notable impact in traffic flow especially in congested road. Over the last decades, driving models are being develop with the intention to illustrate the behavior of vehicles. This paper intends to review the process of lane changing in the context of vehicle communication. In addition, existing lane changing models are reviewed and classified based on their characteristic. For this section, few studies on development of the models are summarized and to build new behavior model that can manage lane changes. The limitations of earlier lane-changing models are then addressed. Last, the findings and conclusions are presented, and future work are proposed